BrokenLip

Culmann, Carl

2005-03-19T02:48:00.000-08:00

In 1841 Culmann entered the Bavarian civil service as a cadet bridge engineer with the Hof railway construction division. He was eventually appointed professor of engineering sciences at the

Argentina, The arts

2005-03-17T10:20:00.000-08:00

The fine arts of Argentina historically found their inspiration in Europe, particularly in France and Spain, but the turbulence and complexity of Argentine national life—and of Latin America in general—have also found expression in the arts. In literature the Modernismo movement of the late 19th century and the Ultraísmo of the early 20th were both influenced by the

Stalin, Joseph

2005-03-14T14:12:00.000-08:00

During the quarter of a century preceding his death, the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin

Ayodhya

2005-03-10T16:53:00.000-08:00

An ancient city, Ayodhya is regarded as one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, revered because of its association, in the great Indian epic poem Ramayana, with the birth of Rama and with the rule of his father, Dasaratha. According to this source, the city was prosperous

Alleghenian Orogeny

2005-03-08T01:23:00.000-08:00

A mountain-building event that affected the Appalachian Geosyncline in late Paleozoic (Permian) time, from about 300 million to 250 million years ago. The term Appalachian Revolution formerly was applied to this event. The Alleghenian orogeny is most pronounced in the central and southern Appalachians and produced the compressional folding and faulting of the Ridge

Adams, Roger

2005-03-07T03:35:00.000-08:00

Receiving

'abd Al-rahman Iii

2005-03-05T08:37:00.000-08:00

The consolidation of power brought great prosperity to Muslim Spain—one indication of which was his building of a mint where pure gold and silver coins were struck. 'Abd al-Rahman was also a great builder; he renovated and added considerably to the Great Mosque at Córdoba and to the royal palace. At vast expense he built a new royal city, Madinat al-Zahra', to house his household

Furniture, Commercial modern

2005-03-03T17:04:00.000-08:00

Most modern furniture designed between 1930 and 1940 was bulky, bulbous, glowingly coloured, glossily finished, and rich with hardware or shiny fabric. It pleased the public but not critics and connoisseurs. Gradually, and more noticeably after 1945, stylistic details filtered down from more progressive design levels to appear as commercial fads, such as sectional seating and

Güira De Melena

2005-03-01T15:01:00.000-08:00

City, southwestern La Habana province, west central Cuba. It lies amid a fertile agricultural and livestock-raising region known primarily for tobacco, although potatoes and bananas, pineapples, and other tropical fruits are also cultivated. The dairy industry is well developed, and the city contains cigar factories. Pop. (1985 est.) 25,246.

Abbey Theatre

2005-02-26T05:16:00.000-08:00

Dublin theatre, established in 1904. It grew out of the Irish Literary Theatre (founded in 1899 by William Butler Yeats and Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory, and devoted to fostering Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 this became the Irish National Theatre

Mountain, The Circum-Pacific System

2005-02-26T03:04:00.000-08:00

A nearly continuous chain of volcanoes surrounds the Pacific Ocean. The chain passes along the west coast of North and South America, from the Aleutian Islands to the south of Japan, and from Indonesia to the Tonga Islands, and to New Zealand. The Pacific Basin is underlain by separate lithospheric plates that diverge from one another and that are being subducted

Bregenz

2005-02-24T23:03:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of Bundesland (federal province) Vorarlberg, western Austria, on the eastern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The town lies at the foot of the Pfänder Mountain (3,487 ft [1,063 m]; ascended by suspension railway). Inhabited in prehistoric times, it was later the site of a Celtic settlement and then of a Roman camp (Brigantium). Settled by the Alemanni, a Germanic people, in

Mindanao River

2005-02-24T16:18:00.000-08:00

Also called Río Grande De Mindanao, or Cotabato River, main river of the Cotabato lowland, central Mindanao, Philippines. It rises in the central highlands of northeastern Mindanao (island) as the Pulangi and then flows south to where it joins the Kabacan to form the Mindanao. It meanders northwest through the Libungan Marsh and Liguasan Swamp, which is the habitat of crocodiles. At Datu Piang the river turns to enter Illana

Ribbonism

2005-02-23T04:20:00.000-08:00

Also called Ribandism Irish secret-society movement that began at the end of the 18th century in opposition to the Orange Society, or Protestant Orangemen. It was represented by various associations under different names, organized in lodges, and recruited all over Ireland from the lower classes. The actual name of Ribbonism (from a green badge worn by its members) became attached to the

Petasos

2005-02-22T11:23:00.000-08:00

A hat used for traveling, the petasos was made of felt or straw and had a chin strap, so that when not in use it could be hung down the back. The winged hat of the god Hermes (or Mercury) was also called a petasos.

Aries

2005-02-21T04:15:00.000-08:00

Aries contains no very bright stars. The first point of Aries, or vernal equinox, is an intersection of the

Narashino

2005-02-20T05:21:00.000-08:00

City, Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. Narashino is situated on the northeastern shore of Tokyo Bay. Formed in 1951 by the merger of Minomi, Maka, Tsuda-numa, and Okubo, the settlement has no city centre because the former towns are lined up along two railways to Tokyo. Truck farming is an important economic activity. Narashino is a weekend vacation area because of its proximity

Arran, James Hamilton, 1st Earl Of

2005-02-19T15:38:00.000-08:00

Arran commanded a naval expedition against England in 1513 but failed lamentably and returned to find his rival, the earl of Angus, supreme at court. He therefore

Shamanism, Dress

2005-02-17T03:31:00.000-08:00

He wears a ritual gown, which usually imitates an animal—a deer, a bird, a bear. Similarly, the headdress is a crown made of antlers or a band into which feathers of birds have been pierced. The footwear is also symbolic—iron deer hooves, birds' claws, or bears' paws. The clothing of the shamans among the Tofalar (Karagasy), Soyet, and Darhat are decorated with representations

Nizhnevartovsk

2005-02-16T23:35:00.000-08:00

City and port, Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug (district), Tyumen oblast (province), west-central Russia. It lies along the right bank of the Ob River. The city grew rapidly, especially in the 1970s, as a result of the discovery of large oil fields nearby. Along with Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk is a major administrative centre of the middle Ob oil fields. It also has a gas-processing plant.

Maun

2005-02-15T16:01:00.000-08:00

Village, northwestern Botswana. It lies at the southern edge of the Okavango Swamp, northeast of Lake Ngami. The traditional capital of the Tswana people, Maun is the centre of the safari and game industry for the Okavango River delta and the Moremi Game Reserve. Pop. (1991) 26,768.

Nizhnevartovsk

2005-02-15T04:42:00.000-08:00

Byname Rio Grande former American railroad chartered in 1870 as the Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG). It began with a narrow-gauge line extending from Denver, Colorado, south to New Mexico and west to Salt Lake City, Utah. Conversion to standard-gauge track began in 1888. In 1930 the D&RG took possession of the Denver & Salt Lake line (formerly Denver, Northwestern & Pacific Railroad), thereby acquiring

Harding, Florence

2005-02-14T21:26:00.000-08:00

Before returning to Marion, Florence destroyed many of the papers that could have documented more fully her role in what many observers consider the worst presidency in the country's history. She had worked hard to make her husband a success, but the revelations associated with the Teapot Dome Scandal made his flaws very clear. One biographer concluded that she was a “full partner” in Warren's presidency. She died in 1924 and was buried beside her husband in a large mausoleum near the house where they were married.

Poland, History Of, The legions and the Duchy of Warsaw

2005-02-12T17:04:00.000-08:00

The 123 years during which Poland existed only as a partitioned land had a profound impact on the Polish psyche. Moreover, major 19th-century developments such as industrialization and modernization were uneven in Poland and proved to be a mixed blessing. Growing Polish nationalism was by necessity that of an oppressed nation and displayed the tendency of “all or

Ahuachapán

2005-02-11T04:51:00.000-08:00

City, western El Salvador, on the small Molino River (with a hydroelectric station) at the foot of La Lagunita Volcano. Originally called Güeciapam by the Indians, it was renamed Agüecha before becoming the town (1823) and the city (1862) of Ahuachapán. A manufacturing and distributing centre (the most important product being coffee), it is also noted for its mineral baths, drawn from

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

2005-02-10T13:18:00.000-08:00

Nadr later dethroned Tahmasp II in favour of the latter's son, the more pliant 'Abbas III. His successful military exploits, however, which included victories over rebels in the Caucasus, made it feasible for this stern warrior himself to be proclaimed monarch—as Nadir Shah—in 1736. He attempted to mollify Persian-Ottoman hostility by establishing in Iran a less aggressive form

Muhammad 'ali

2005-02-10T00:52:00.000-08:00

Viceroy and pasha of Egypt (1805–49), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th. He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state.

Biograph Company

2005-02-09T05:27:00.000-08:00

One of the major American motion-picture studios in the early days of filmmaking. Its most significant contribution to the film comes from the work of D.W. Griffith, the first great director, who developed the art of the cinema during his five years at Biograph. The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company released its first film, Empire State Express, in 1896. It quickly became

Conant, James B.

2005-02-08T09:35:00.000-08:00

Conant received his A.B. and Ph.D. (1916) degrees from Harvard and, after spending a year in the research division of the chemical warfare service during World War I, returned to Harvard as instructor

Saint Catherine's

2005-02-07T14:09:00.000-08:00

Greek Orthodox monastery situated on Mount Sinai more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level in a narrow valley north of Mount Musa in the Sinai peninsula. Often incorrectly called the Sinai Independent Greek Orthodox Church, the monastic foundation is the smallest of the autonomous churches that together constitute the Eastern Orthodox church. The abbot of the monastery,

Tarasova, Alla Konstantinovna

2005-02-06T18:35:00.000-08:00

By the age of 14 Tarasova had become a member of the Second Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre. She rose quickly to become a supporting actress, and by the time the company toured England and the United States

Indian Reorganization Act

2005-02-04T04:29:00.000-08:00

Also called Wheeler–Howard Act (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. In gratitude for the Indians' services to the country in World War I, Congress in 1924 authorized the Meriam Survey of the state of life on the reservations. The shocking conditions under the regimen established

Alcmaeonid Family

2005-02-03T02:58:00.000-08:00

A powerful Athenian family, claiming descent from the legendary Alcmaeon, that was important in 5th- and 6th-century-BC politics. During the archonship of one of its members, Megacles (632? BC), a certain Cylon failed in an attempt to make himself tyrant, and his followers were slain at an altar sanctuary. Accused of sacrilege and murder, the Alcmaeonids incurred the bloodguilt that

Polar Anticyclone

2005-02-02T23:03:00.000-08:00

Polar anticyclones are created by the cooling

Kammatthana

2005-02-02T08:19:00.000-08:00

Sanskrit Karmasthana in Theravada Buddhist tradition, one of the objects of mental concentration or a stage of meditation employing it. According to Visuddhi-magga (a 5th-century CE Pali text by Buddhaghosa), there are 40 kammatthanas; an individual should choose the object of mental concentration that is in accordance with his own character or inclination. Each type of disposition has its

K.c.m.g.

2005-01-31T10:55:00.000-08:00

Knight commander of St. Michael and St. George, member of the second highest rank of a British order of knighthood. See Saint Michael and Saint George, The Most Distinguished Order of.

Differential Psychology

2005-01-31T01:44:00.000-08:00

Branch of psychology that deals with individual and group differences in behaviour. Charles Darwin's studies of the survival capabilities of different species and Sir Francis Galton's researches on individual visual and auditory skills, as well as more recent experiments, have shown that both individual and group differences are quantitative rather than

Silicon

2005-01-30T00:43:00.000-08:00

Silicon was first isolated and described as an element in 1824 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist. Silicon does not occur uncombined in nature; but

Van Allen, James Alfred

2005-01-29T02:49:00.000-08:00

Van Allen was a naval officer during World War II and helped develop the radio proximity fuse for naval artillery shells. In 1946 he was placed in

Constance, Lake

2005-01-27T23:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Lake of Constance , Constance also spelled Konstanz , German Bodensee , Latin Lacus Brigantinus lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m) and a maximum depth of 827 feet (252 m). It has about 125 miles (200 km) of shoreline. In the west, near Konstanz (Constance), it is divided by the Bodan mountain ridge

Ammonium Hydroxide

2005-01-27T15:30:00.000-08:00

The water solution is generally represented by the formula NH4OH, though

Pori

2005-01-25T21:54:00.000-08:00

Swedish Björneborg, city, Turun ja Porin (Turku ja Pori) lääni (province), southwestern Finland. It lies along the Kokemäen River near the Gulf of Bothnia, north-northwest of Turku. Originally settled in the 12th century farther up the Kokemäen and chartered as Ulvila in 1365, it was moved to its present site in 1558. It was destroyed by fire in the 16th and 19th centuries but was rebuilt both times because of

Oral Cancer

2005-01-25T16:51:00.000-08:00

Disease characterized by the growth of cancerous cells in the mouth, including the lips. Oral cancer is often associated with cancers of the cavity located behind the tonsils and the back of the throat (oropharyngeal cancer). Most cases originate from the flattened cells that make up the lining of the oral cavity (squamous cell carcinomas). Oral cancers can spread

Parnaíba

2005-01-24T15:59:00.000-08:00

Port city, northwestern Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, on the Rio Igaraçu, an outlet of the Rio Parnaíba, 9 mi (14 km) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Founded in 1761 and given city status in 1884, Parnaíba is the most important trade and distributing centre of the river valley. The chief products shipped from Parnaíba and its outport, Luís Correia (just to the northeast), are carnauba

Space Charge

2005-01-23T16:29:00.000-08:00

Electrical charge distributed through a three-dimensional region. In an electron tube, for example, a negative charge results because electrons that are emitted from the cathode do not travel instantaneously to the plate (anode) but require a finite time for the trip. These electrons form a cloud around the cathode, the cloud being continually depleted by electrons

Sill

2005-01-21T21:21:00.000-08:00

Also called sheet tabular igneous intrusion emplaced parallel to the bedding of the enclosing rock. Although they may have vertical to horizontal orientations, nearly horizontal sills are the most common. Sills may be a fraction of an inch to hundreds of feet thick and up to hundreds of miles long. Rock compositions of all types are found in sills; the famous basic sills have received

Brooks Range

2005-01-21T21:09:00.000-08:00

Northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains in northern Alaska, U.S. It is separated from the Alaska Range (south) and the Mackenzie Mountains (southeast) by the lowlands of the Yukon and Porcupine river systems. It extends about 600 miles (1,000 km) in a west–east direction across Alaska, from the Chukchi Sea to the Yukon (Canadian) border, and reaches widths of 80 miles (128 km). Its peaks

Marrah Mountains

2005-01-20T02:07:00.000-08:00

Arabic Jabal Marra, mountain range, a rugged volcanic chain extending for 100 miles (160 km) west-southwest of Al-Fashir, in west-central Sudan. The highest point of the Nile-Lake Chad watershed, the mountains reach heights of more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Some intermittent tributaries of the Al-'Arab River rise on the southern flanks.

Gulmarg

2005-01-18T20:57:00.000-08:00

Resort town situated in the Indian-held sector of Jammu and Kashmir state, in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Located at an elevation of 8,500 feet (2,600 m), Gulmarg (meaning “meadow of flowers”) displays a breathtaking panoramic view of the whole Vale of Kashmir and of Nanga Parbat, one of the highest peaks (26,660 feet [8,126 m]) of the Himalayas. The valley and mountains may be viewed

Kocher, Emil Theodor

2005-01-18T05:50:00.000-08:00

After qualifying in medicine at the University of Bern in 1865, Kocher studied in Berlin, London, Paris, and Vienna, where he was a pupil of Theodor Billroth. In 1872 he became professor of clinical surgery at Bern, remaining at the head of the surgical clinic

Shiels, Robert

2005-01-17T11:29:00.000-08:00

Moving to London, where he was a printer, Shiels was employed by Samuel Johnson as an amanuensis on the Dictionary of the English Language. When this work was completed, Shiels, with others, began the compilation of a five-volume The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Time of Dean

Ghaybah

2005-01-16T18:38:00.000-08:00

Ghaybah is applied loosely to anyone whom God has withdrawn from the world and kept invisible to the eyes of ordinary men. The life of such a blessed

Loranthaceae

2005-01-14T17:06:00.000-08:00

One of the mistletoe families of the sandalwood order (Santalales), having approximately 65 genera and about 850 species of parasitic flowering trees or shrubs. Some authorities also consider the 11 genera and about 450 species of the family Viscaceae, including the commonly known mistletoes of the genera Arceuthobium and Phoradendron in North America and of the genera

Haardt Mountains

2005-01-14T06:50:00.000-08:00

Also called Hardt Mountains, mountain range in Rheinland-Pfalz Land (state), southwestern Germany. They comprise the eastern part of the Pfälzer Forest Mountains and lie west of the Rhine River basin, extending from the French border to a point about 20 miles (30 km) south of Mainz. Their densely forested slopes rise to 2,208 feet (673 m) in Mount Kalmit. Geologically the Haardt Mountains are a continuation of the

Wright Military Flyer Of 1909

2005-01-12T11:19:00.000-08:00

The

Gezer

2005-01-12T04:35:00.000-08:00

The excavations at Gezer sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund during 1902–05 and 1907–09 disclosed strata covering most periods

Hepburn, Katharine

2005-01-10T16:51:00.000-08:00

In full Katharine Houghton Hepburn indomitable American stage and film actress, known as a spirited performer with a touch of eccentricity. She introduced into her roles a strength of character previously considered to be undesirable in Hollywood leading ladies. As an actress she was noted for her brisk upper-class New England accent

Nardò

2005-01-09T17:12:00.000-08:00

Latin Neretum, town, Lecce provincia, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy, southwest of Lecce city. Originally the Roman city of Neretum, Nardò was both Byzantine and Norman; it has a 13th–14th-century cathedral in the Gothic style and an unusual circular chapel called the Osanna, dating from 1603. Examples of Baroque architecture in the town include the Church of San Domenico. Modern

Hypothalamus

2005-01-09T01:53:00.000-08:00

The hypothalamus and pituitary

Norian Stage

2005-01-08T22:53:00.000-08:00

Middle of three divisions in the Upper Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Norian time (221 million to 210 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage was named after an ancient Roman province south of the Danube River in present-day Austria. The stratotype for the Norian is a formation known as the beds with Cyrtopleurites

Nabisco

2005-01-06T20:46:00.000-08:00

In full National Biscuit Company former U.S. snack food and bakery product company. The National Biscuit Company was formed in 1898 when the American Biscuit Company merged with the New York Biscuit Company. Better known as Nabisco, it went on to introduce a number of popular consumer brands such as Oreo cookies (1912) and Ritz crackers (1934). After being acquired by R.J. Reynolds in 1985 and becoming part of RJR Nabisco, Nabisco

France, History Of, The second revolution

2005-01-05T22:06:00.000-08:00

The insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, did not of course stop the Prussian advance on the capital. As enthusiastic contingents of volunteers left for the front, fear of counterrevolutionary plots gripped the capital. Journalists like Jean-Paul Marat pointed to the prisons bursting with vagrants and criminals as well as refractory clergy and royalists and asked what would

Berenson, Bernard

2005-01-04T20:06:00.000-08:00

Reared in Boston, Berenson was educated at Harvard University, from which he was graduated in 1887. His first book, The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance (1894), displayed a concise writing style. He was also endowed with a discriminating eye, exceptional

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

2005-01-03T11:20:00.000-08:00

Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (Musnad) and formulator of the Hanbali, the most strictly traditionalist of the four orthodox Islamic schools of law. His doctrine influenced such noted followers as the 13th–14th-century theologian Ibn Taymiyah, the Wahhabiyah, an 18th-century reform

Sarian, Martiros (sergeevich)

2005-01-02T08:00:00.000-08:00

Sarian received training in painting at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (1897–1904), where among his teachers were the noted realist artists Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov. Soon Sarian was exhibiting his

Theatre, Western, Shamanism

2004-12-31T11:01:00.000-08:00

A second theory proposes that theatre evolved from shamanistic rituals that manifested to the audience a supernatural presence, as opposed to giving a symbolic representation of it. In this case the shaman, as actor/priest, was able to put himself into a trance and become a medium with the other world. He was believed to travel in the spirit world or be actually possessed

Berent, Waclaw

2004-12-30T08:17:00.000-08:00

Born to an affluent merchant family, Berent studied in Zürich, Switzerland, and Munich, Germany, where he concentrated on the natural sciences. Ideologically related to the Young Poland

Biblical Literature, The revision of Theodotion

2004-12-29T19:51:00.000-08:00

Organization formed in the United States in 1916 at the instigation of Rodman Wanamaker, a Philadelphia businessman, with the stated purpose of promoting interest in professional golf, elevating the standards of the game, and advancing the welfare of its members. By the late 1980s the PGA had a membership of about 8,500 playing and teaching professionals. Its annual PGA national

Aristarchus Of Samos

2004-12-27T03:43:00.000-08:00

Aristarchus' advanced ideas on the movement of the Earth are known from Archimedes and Plutarch; his only extant work is a short treatise, “On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon.” The values

Jouve, Pierre-jean

2004-12-26T04:30:00.000-08:00

Prevented by ill health from serving in World War

'abbas I

2004-12-25T06:24:00.000-08:00

The dark side of his

Race, Transforming race into species

2004-12-24T16:56:00.000-08:00

One of those whose direct experience of African slaves and assessment of them was given great weight was Edward Long (1734–1813), a former plantation owner and jurist in Jamaica. In a book entitled The History of Jamaica (1774), Long asserted that “the Negro” was “void of genius” and “incapable” of civilization; indeed, he was so far inferior as to constitute a separate species of mankind. Long's

Vrije Volk, Het

2004-12-24T02:14:00.000-08:00

(Dutch: “The Free People”), Socialist evening daily newspaper published in 30 regional editions in Rotterdam and outlying locations, one of the largest and most influential dailies in The Netherlands. It was established in 1900 as Het Volk (“The People”), the official organ of the Socialist Democratic Labour Party. During the German occupation of The Netherlands in World War

Psamtik Ii

2004-12-22T01:10:00.000-08:00

The Greek historian Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, refers briefly to an Ethiopian war of Psamtik, an expedition that contemporary records prove to have been of great importance. Perhaps suspecting a Cushite threat to Egypt,

Bridges, Calvin Blackman

2004-12-21T21:25:00.000-08:00

The year after he entered Columbia University (1909), Bridges obtained a position there as laboratory assistant to the geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. He and Morgan designed experiments using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which

Campeche

2004-12-21T01:53:00.000-08:00

Estado (“state”), southeastern Mexico, on the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bounded north and east by the state of Yucatán, from which it seceded in 1857; northwest by the Gulf of Mexico; east by the state of Quintana Roo; south by Guatemala; and southwest by the state of Tabasco. Named after the ancient Mayan province of Kimpech (Campech), it comprises much of the western part of the peninsula.

Elizabethan Literature

2004-12-19T19:26:00.000-08:00

Body of works written during the reign of Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603), probably the most splendid age in the history of English literature, during which such writers as Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Roger Ascham, Richard Hooker, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare flourished. The epithet Elizabethan is merely a chronological reference and does not describe

Earth, Mid-oceanic ridges

2004-12-18T11:29:00.000-08:00

These structures represent the spreading axes of plate tectonics, along which hot volcanic material is ejected to become new oceanic lithosphere. Bathymetrically, the ridges are striking topographic features, rising one to three kilometres above the deep ocean floor on either side. That they are associated with geoidal highs can be seen on the global map of the

Breckland

2004-12-17T23:04:00.000-08:00

The name Breckland was first applied in 1894 by the Norfolk naturalist W.G.

Spain, Phoenicians

2004-12-16T08:33:00.000-08:00

Venerable historical traditions recount the Phoenician voyages to found new cities. Utica, on the Tunisian coast of North Africa, was reputedly founded in 1178 BC, and by 1100 BC the Phoenician city of Tyre supposedly had a Spanish colony at Gadir (Cadiz). Although intriguing, these historical traditions are unsupported by evidence. Excavations confirm that the Phoenicians settled

Alipore

2004-12-15T08:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Alipur town, West Bengal state, northeastern India. A southern suburb of Calcutta included within the city municipality, it has major industries, including printing and bookbinding, cement manufacture, oilseed milling, and general engineering works. Alipore is the site of zoological-horticultural gardens and of Belvedere House, onetime residence of the former British

Wise, Ernie

2004-12-15T02:11:00.000-08:00

British comedian and actor who, as a member (the one with “short, fat, hairy legs”) of Morecambe and Wise, one of the most beloved comedy teams on British television, played straight man to partner Eric Morecambe for over 40 years; the two were created O.B.E. in 1976 (b. Nov. 27, 1925, Leeds, Eng.—d. March 21, 1999, Wexham, Buckinghamshire, Eng.).

Tear Gas

2004-12-13T18:00:00.000-08:00

Also called Lacrimator, any of a group of substances that irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, causing a stinging sensation and tears. They may also irritate the upper respiratory tract, causing coughing, choking, and general debility. Tear gas was first used in World War I in chemical warfare, but since its effects are short-lasting and rarely disabling, it came into use by law-enforcement

Craft Guild

2004-12-13T08:08:00.000-08:00

Also called Mystery (from Latin ministerium, “occupation”), a European medieval occupational association, usually comprising all the artisans—and often the suppliers, retailers, and wholesale merchants—concerned with a specific branch of industry or commerce. A weavers' guild is recorded at Mainz as early as 1099 and in London and other cities of England during the reign of Henry I (1100–35); but the

Animal, Pseudocoelomates, or aschelminths

2004-12-11T23:14:00.000-08:00

The pseudocoelomates include the nematodes, rotifers, gastrotrichs, and introverts. Some members of some other phyla are also, strictly speaking, pseudocoelomate. These four phyla of tiny body size (many species no larger than the bigger protozoans) are placed together in part because they lack mesoderm on the inner side of the body cavity. Consequently, no tissue,

Memory Abnormality, Hypnotic amnesia

2004-12-10T17:03:00.000-08:00

Memory of a hypnotic trance is often vague and fragmentary, as in awakening from an ordinary dream. This may be due in part to defect of registration during the period of altered consciousness. At the same time, very much more complete posthypnotic amnesia can be induced if an individual is told that, when he awakens, he will remember nothing of what went on during the

Great Basin National Park

2004-12-10T16:20:00.000-08:00

The park consists mainly of the southern part of the Snake Range, a chain of peaks that trend north-south and rise abruptly from the surrounding desert

Nicol, Davidson

2004-12-08T01:58:00.000-08:00

Nicol was educated in medicine and natural sciences in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and England, and he subsequently served in various medical posts in those countries. He became

China, Antiforeign movement and the Arrow, or second Opium, War

2004-12-07T11:02:00.000-08:00

At the signing of the Treaty of Nanking there was a difference between China and Britain as to whether foreigners were allowed to enter the walled city of Canton. Though Canton was declared open in July 1843, the British faced Cantonese opposition. After 1847 trouble rapidly grew, and as a result of an incident at nearby Fo-shan, a promise was given the British that they would

Frieze

2004-12-06T18:26:00.000-08:00

The frieze in

Encina, Juan Del

2004-12-06T02:49:00.000-08:00

After youthful training as a chorister at Salamanca cathedral (c. 1484) and at the University of Salamanca (before 1490), Encina entered the service of the Duke of Alba as

Botocudo

2004-12-04T22:12:00.000-08:00

South American Indian people who lived in what is now the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. They spoke a language of the Macro-Ge group. Their culture was similar to that of other nomadic tribes of the forests and mountains of eastern Brazil. Hunting bands of from 50 to 200 members were led by men considered most powerful in the supernatural realm. The Botocudo believed that

Earth, Electrical conductivity

2004-12-03T23:13:00.000-08:00

The electrical conductivity at the Earth's surface is extremely variable and is largely dominated by the presence of water. Laboratory measurements, for example, show that the conductivity of seawater is close to four siemens per metre (S/m; or a resistivity of 0.23 ohm-metre), whereas dry rock exhibits conductivities in the range 10-11 to 10-9 siemens per metre. When water is present

Kertanagara

2004-12-01T08:12:00.000-08:00

Last king (1268–92) of Tumapel (or Singhasari) in Java, still venerated among the Javanese as one of their greatest rulers. He united Java, extended his influence over Sumatra, and resisted Mongol attempts to exact tribute from his kingdom.

Balard, Antoine-jérôme

2004-12-01T05:28:00.000-08:00

In studying salt marsh flora from Mediterranean waters, Balard, after crystallizing sodium chloride and sodium sulfate from the seawater, saturating

Regiment

2004-11-29T02:14:00.000-08:00

In most armies, a body of troops headed by a colonel and organized for tactical control into companies, battalions, or squadrons. French cavalry units were called regiments as early as 1558. The word is derived from the Latin regimen, a rule or system of order, and describes the regiment's functions of raising, equipping, and training troops. As a regiment acquired individuality,

Oman

2004-11-29T02:02:00.000-08:00

In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001, Oman, in fulfillment of preparations launched two and a half years earlier, hosted a joint military exercise with Great Britain. The presence of some 30,000 British troops in the sultanate facilitated the U.S.-led coalition's military campaign against the Taliban regime and al-Qaeda terrorist network

Wagner, Honus

2004-11-27T14:30:00.000-08:00

The “Flying Dutchman” played for the Louisville Colonels

Paderewski, Ignacy (jan)

2004-11-27T04:21:00.000-08:00

The son of a steward of a Polish landowner, he studied music from 1872 at the Warsaw Conservatory and from 1878 taught piano there. In 1880 he married one of his pupils, Antonina Korsak, who died in childbirth the following year. Encouraged

Conservatory

2004-11-26T16:07:00.000-08:00

The conservatory was a direct descendant

BrokenLip

Culmann, Carl

Argentina, The arts

Stalin, Joseph

Ayodhya

Alleghenian Orogeny

Adams, Roger

'abd Al-rahman Iii

Furniture, Commercial modern

Güira De Melena

Abbey Theatre

Mountain, The Circum-Pacific System

Bregenz

Mindanao River

Ribbonism

Petasos

Aries

Narashino

Arran, James Hamilton, 1st Earl Of

Shamanism, Dress

Nizhnevartovsk

Maun

Nizhnevartovsk

Harding, Florence

Poland, History Of, The legions and the Duchy of Warsaw

Ahuachapán

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

Muhammad 'ali

Biograph Company

Conant, James B.

Saint Catherine's

Tarasova, Alla Konstantinovna

Indian Reorganization Act

Alcmaeonid Family

Polar Anticyclone

Kammatthana

K.c.m.g.

Differential Psychology

Silicon

Van Allen, James Alfred

Constance, Lake

Ammonium Hydroxide

Pori

Oral Cancer

Parnaíba

Space Charge

Sill

Brooks Range

Marrah Mountains

Gulmarg

Kocher, Emil Theodor

Shiels, Robert

Ghaybah

Loranthaceae

Haardt Mountains

Wright Military Flyer Of 1909

Gezer

Hepburn, Katharine

Nardò

Hypothalamus

Norian Stage

Nabisco

France, History Of, The second revolution

Berenson, Bernard

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

Sarian, Martiros (sergeevich)

Theatre, Western, Shamanism

Berent, Waclaw

Biblical Literature, The revision of Theodotion

Aristarchus Of Samos

Jouve, Pierre-jean

'abbas I

Race, Transforming race into species

Vrije Volk, Het

Psamtik Ii

Bridges, Calvin Blackman

Campeche

Elizabethan Literature

Earth, Mid-oceanic ridges

Breckland

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

Race, Transforming race into species